tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-88064678634312205542024-03-19T01:53:50.413-07:00sri oktari nandaplatformmerdekamengajarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17336678143450831129noreply@blogger.comBlogger17125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8806467863431220554.post-26386648528209471302013-06-28T20:56:00.001-07:002013-06-28T20:56:54.423-07:00METHODE OF TEACHING<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="344" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/I_sDt1I5bBs" width="459"></iframe>platformmerdekamengajarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17336678143450831129noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8806467863431220554.post-17745510306083292712013-06-28T07:54:00.001-07:002013-06-28T07:55:21.399-07:00METODE PEMBELAJARAN<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Saya membuat metode pembelajaran ini sebagai contoh salah satu bentuk kerajinan tangan atau seni,dengan menggunakan media dari salah bentuk ABJAD atau huruf-huruf ALPHABET yang digunakan sebagai Contextual Teaching Learning. Dengan menggunakan bahan kayu bingkai,paku untuk menyatukan tulang-tulang dari bingkai sehingga membentuk seperti bingkai untuk ALPHABET tersebut dan menggunakan kertas warna dari double folio dengan menggunting membentuk seperti huruf-huruf ALPHABET tersebut, serta plastik dan perekat untuk menyempurnakan bahan tersebut sehingga kelihatan rapi dan sempurna.</div>
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Tujuan dari metode ini ialah untuk meningkatkan motivasi belajar siswa ,artinya dari dengan menggunakan bahasa asing siswa terlatih untuk mengenal dan memahami serta bisa menemukan kerangka berfikir siswa secara langsung dengan menumbuhkan minat siswa dalam belajar dan mengenal bahasa asing dengan menggunakan kemampuan-kemampuan analitic dan imajinatif.</div>
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Semoga bermamfaat bagi Anda semua, dan metode seperti ini dapat selalu diterapkan pada siswa.</div>
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GOOD LUCK !!!!!!!!!!</div>
<br />platformmerdekamengajarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17336678143450831129noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8806467863431220554.post-6045050090821587052013-06-28T07:17:00.003-07:002013-06-28T07:17:43.080-07:00Competency Based Language Teaching<h2 class="date-header" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; bottom: auto; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px -15px 1px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; right: 15px;">
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Competency Based Language Teaching</h3>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 11px;">Competency-Based Language Teaching</span></b><span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 11px;"> (CBLT) focuses on what “learners are expected to do with the language”.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 11px;"> This approach emerged in the United States in the 1970s and can be described as “defining educational goals in terms of precise measurable descriptions of the knowledge, skills, and behaviors students should possess at the end of a course of study”. This movement presents a pattern that is focused on the outputs to learning. It defines the goals and objectives to be reached in such a way, that students´ knowledge, skills and behaviors, can be easily measured.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 11px;">According to Richards & Rodgers “Competency-Based Language Teaching (CBLT) is an application of the principles of Competency-Based Education to language teaching”. In Competency-Based Education (CBE) the focus is on the “outcomes or outputs of learning”. By the end of the 1970s Competency-Based Language Teaching was mostly used in “work-related and survival-oriented language teaching programs for adults” . Since the 1990s, CBLT has been seen as “the state-of-the-art approach to adult ESL”, so that any refugee in the United States who wished to receive federal assistance had to attend a competency-based program in which they learned a set of language skills “that are necessary for individuals to function proficiently in the society in which they live.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #76923c; font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 11px;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><strong><span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 11px;">The Approaches in CBLT</span></strong><span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 11px;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 11px;">There are several principals in CBLT:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 11px;">1. Language is a vehicle for the expression of functional meaning (functional view)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 11px;">2. Language is a vehicle for the realization of interpersonal relation and for the performance of social transactions between individuals. Language is a tool for the creation and maintenance of social relations. (interactional view)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 11px;">3. CBLT is built around the notion of communicative competence and seeks to develop functional communication skills in learners.<br />4. CBLT shares with behaviorist views of learning, the notion that language form can be inferred from language function; that is, certain life encounters call for certain kinds of language.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #4f6228; font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 11px;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="color: #4f6228; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 11px;">The Implementation of CBLT</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 11px;">1. A focus on successful functioning in society</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 11px;">2. A focus on life skills</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 11px;">3. Task -or performance- centered orientation</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 11px;">4. Modularized instructions</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 11px;">5. Outcomes that are made explicit a priory</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 11px;">6. Continuous and ongoing assessment</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 11px;">7. Demonstrated mastery of performance objectives</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 11px;">8. Individualized, student-centered instruction</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #4f6228; font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><strong><span style="color: #4f6228; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">The Competencies Involved in CBLT</span></strong><span style="color: #4f6228; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">CBLT is built around the notion of communicative competence:<br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Grammatical competence</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">It refers to linguistic competence and the domain of grammatical and lexical capacity.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Sociolinguistic competence</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">It refers to an understanding of the social context in which communication takes place, including role relationship, the shared information of the participants, and the communicative purpose for their interaction.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">3. Discourse competence</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">It refers to the interpretation of individual message elements in terms of their </span></span></div>
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platformmerdekamengajarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17336678143450831129noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8806467863431220554.post-52917320866226602312013-06-28T07:16:00.001-07:002013-06-28T07:16:03.526-07:00LEARNING STRATEGY TRAINING<h2 class="date-header" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; bottom: auto; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px -15px 1px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; right: 15px;">
<span style="border-left-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0px; display: block; padding: 0.5em 15px;">Kamis, 27 Juni 2013</span></h2>
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LEARNING STRATEGY TRAINING</h3>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b><span style="font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></h3>
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<span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">ž</span><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Is when research observed that language teachers time might be profitably spent in learning training. Such suggestion led to the idea of learning strategy training. Training students in the use of learning strategies in order to improve their learning effectiveness.</span><span style="font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></h3>
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<b><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Reading strategies</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">ž</span><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Skimming is read quickly only to find out what the main idea of the text.</span><span style="font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></h3>
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<b><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">We uses the think-aloud technique in this concept :</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">ž</span><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">To do first is read title.</span><span style="font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">ž</span><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Read the first paragraph. But we don’t read every word. Let our eyes skim it very quickly, just picking out what we think are the main ideas.</span><span style="font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">ž</span><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">When we read through the first paragraph quickly and don’t read every word, skip those if we don’t know the meaning of. See what we can learn about the main idea of the reading in this way.</span><span style="font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">ž</span><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Don’t use dictionary.</span><span style="font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></h3>
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<b><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The benefits of this concept :</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">ž</span><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: 'Agency FB', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The benefit of learning strategy training is that it can help learners to continue to learn after they have completed their formal study to be more effective in learning the target language</span></h3>
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platformmerdekamengajarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17336678143450831129noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8806467863431220554.post-56533586734357121912013-06-28T06:57:00.007-07:002013-06-28T06:57:46.932-07:00<h2 class="date-header" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #8b8bff; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 20px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0.6em 0px 0.5em; position: relative;">
Kamis, 13 Juni 2013</h2>
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Content Based Insrtuction</h3>
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<span style="color: #31849b; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> Crandall and Tucker (1990) define </span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #215868; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 36px;"> Content Based Instruction</span></b><span style="color: #31849b; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> </span><span style="color: #31849b; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 28px;">Crandall and Tucker (1990) define</span><span style="color: #31849b; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 28px;"> </span><span style="color: #31849b; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">as an approach to language instruction that integrates the presentation of topics or tasks from subject matter classes (e.g., math, social studies) within the context of teaching a second or foreign language”</span></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: #31849b; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">There are three principles of communication that define Communicative Language Teaching but which may also be applied to the Content-Based approach.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: #31849b; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">The communication principle which puts forward that activities involving real communication promote language learning.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: #31849b; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">The task principle which refers to the concept that activities in which language is used for carrying out meaningful tasks promote language learning.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: #31849b; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">The meaningfulness principle that implies that language that appears to be meaningful to the learner will support the language learning process</span></div>
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<span style="color: #215868; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 36px;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"></span></span><b><span style="color: #215868; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 36px;"> The advantages of content-based instruction</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: #31849b; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> It can make learning a language more interesting and motivating. Students can use the language to fulfill a real purpose, which can make students both more independent and confident.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: #31849b; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> Students can also develop a much wider knowledge of the world through CBI which can feed back into improving and supporting their general educational needs.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #215868; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 36px;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="color: #215868; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 36px;">Learner Role</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Students are actively involved in a Content-Based classroom setting. On the one hand, they are in charge of their own learning process and their support of others and, on the other hand, they may partly choose content and activities. Being actively involved and taking responsibility in a classroom environment appears to be motivating for some though rather overwhelming to others. There are quite a few students who might feel that they cannot keep up with the work-load and quantity of new information.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #215868; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 36px;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="color: #215868; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 36px;">The Teacher Role and Choice Material</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Teaching the Content-Based approach necessitates a large amount of work and energy. The teacher has to fulfill several roles, such as being a good language teacher and in addition having an appropriate knowledge of the subject matter. In addition, the teacher has to choose material. If the material is not suitable enough, he has to adapt it to the learners' language level. There is, however, quite a variety of material available for teachers to use for Content-Based lessons. First of all, teachers can and should use authentic materials such as newspaper articles and advertisements. These are texts native speakers of the language would read themselves. Authentic material intrinsically interests students and this promotes language learning.</span></div>
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platformmerdekamengajarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17336678143450831129noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8806467863431220554.post-12751763711779611672013-06-28T06:52:00.000-07:002013-06-28T06:52:01.978-07:00Direct Method<h2 class="date-header" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; bottom: auto; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px -15px 1px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; right: 15px;">
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Direct Method</h3>
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<b><span style="color: #d99594; font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">The </span></b><b><span style="color: #d99594; font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 27px;">direct method of teaching</span></b><b><span style="color: #d99594; font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">, sometimes called the natural method. Not limited to but often used in teaching foreign languages, the method refrains from using the learners' native language and uses only the target language. It was established in Germany and France around 1900. Characteristic features of the direct method are:</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #d99594; font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="color: #d99594; font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Teaching concepts and vocabulary through pantomiming, real-life objects and other visual materials</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #d99594; font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="color: #d99594; font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Teaching grammar by using an inductive approach (i.e. having learners find out rules through the presentation of adequate linguistic forms in the target language)</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #d99594; font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="color: #d99594; font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Centrality of spoken language (including a native-like pronunciation)</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #d99594; font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="color: #d99594; font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Focus on question-answer patterns.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #d99594; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 27px;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="color: #d99594; font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 27px;">Principle of Direct Method</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #d99594; font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">2. Only everyday vocabulary and sentences are taught.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #d99594; font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">3. Oral communication skills are built within carefully assessed progression organized around question-and-answer exchanges between teachers and students in small, intensive classes.<br />4. Grammar is taught inductively.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #d99594; font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">5. New teaching points were introduced orally.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #d99594; font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">6. Concrete vocabulary is taught through demonstration, objects, and pictures; abstract vocabulary was taught by association of ideas.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #d99594; font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">7. Both speaking and listening comprehension were taught.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #d99594; font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">8. Correct pronunciation and grammar are emphasized.</span></div>
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platformmerdekamengajarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17336678143450831129noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8806467863431220554.post-53342407951491504472013-06-28T06:50:00.003-07:002013-06-28T06:50:52.772-07:00Project Based Learning<h2 class="date-header" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; bottom: auto; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px -15px 1px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; right: 15px;">
<span style="border-left-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0px; display: block; padding: 0.5em 15px;">Rabu, 26 Juni 2013</span></h2>
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Project Based Learning</h3>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><u><i><span style="font-family: 'High Tower Text', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Definition</span></i></u></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Project-based learning</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: 'High Tower Text', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"> is considered an alternative to paper-based, rote memorization, teacher-led classrooms. Proponents of </span></i><b><i><span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">project-based learning</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: 'High Tower Text', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"> cite numerous benefits to the implementation of these strategies in the classroom including a greater depth of understanding of concepts, broader knowledge base, improved communication and interpersonal/social skills, enhanced leadership skills, increased creativity, and improved writing skills.</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'High Tower Text', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">According to the Buck Institute for Education (BIE</span></i><b><i><span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">), project-based learning</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: 'High Tower Text', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"> has its roots in experiential education and the philosophy of John Dewey. The method of </span></i><b><i><span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">project-based learning</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: 'High Tower Text', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">emerged due to developments in learning theory in the past 25 years.</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: 'High Tower Text', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">The core idea of </span></i><b><i><span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">project-based learning</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: 'High Tower Text', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"> is that real-world problems capture students' interest and provoke serious thinking as the students acquire and apply new knowledge in a problem-solving context</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><u><i><span style="font-family: 'High Tower Text', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Role of Student</span></i></u></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'High Tower Text', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Students must organize their own work and manage their own time in a project-based class.</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><u><i><span style="font-family: 'High Tower Text', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Role of Teacher</span></i></u></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'High Tower Text', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">The teacher plays the role of facilitator, working with students to frame worthwhile questions, structuring meaningful tasks, coaching both knowledge development and social skills, and carefully assessing what students have learned from the experience.</span></i></div>
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platformmerdekamengajarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17336678143450831129noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8806467863431220554.post-81819817974672471002013-06-28T06:49:00.003-07:002013-06-28T06:49:30.917-07:00.Self-Directed Learning<h2 class="date-header" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; bottom: auto; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px -15px 1px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; right: 15px;">
<span style="border-left-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0px; display: block; padding: 0.5em 15px;">Rabu, 26 Juni 2013</span></h2>
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Self-Directed Learning</h3>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">In </span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 27px;">self-directed learning</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"> (SDL), the individual takes the initiative and the responsibility for what occurs. Individuals select, manage, and assess their own learning activities, which can be pursued at any time, in any place, through any means, at any age. In schools, teachers can work toward SDL a stage at a time. Teaching emphasizes SDL skills, processes, and systems rather than content coverage and tests. For the individual, SDL involves initiating personal challenge activities and developing the personal qualities to pursue them successfully.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Nine Tips for Effective </span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 27px;">Self-Direct Learning</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"></span></b></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"> 1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Focus: Get Over Multitasking Paralysis</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"> 2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Define and Give It a Name</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"> 3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Assign Little Steps</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"></span></strong></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"> 4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><strong><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Latch Onto Pre-Existing Systems </span></strong><b><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"></span></b></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"> 5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Test The Tactics</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"> 6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Up the Stakes</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"> 7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Talk About What You’re Doing—But Not What You’re Going to Do </span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"> 8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Get Help From Your Peers</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"> 9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Measure Your Results</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"></span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 18pt;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 18pt;">Extention Of Learning</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 18pt;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt;">In this learning process, where a learner has total control about the choice of what the learn,how to learn,and how to evaluate learning.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt;">Possible behavioral indicators of the salient ascpect of sdl</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt;">Salient aspect of sdl</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">¢<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt;">Management and monitoring of own learning</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">Ø</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt;">Some possible behavioral indicators</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt;">1.Students formulate a question and generate relevant inquiries</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt;">2.Students explore a range of possibilities and make sound desicions</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt;">3.Students self-plan and self-manage their time</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 14pt;">4.Students critically reflect on their learning and initiate gathering of feedback from theachers and peers to archieve their learning goal.</span></b></div>
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platformmerdekamengajarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17336678143450831129noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8806467863431220554.post-31170386356418755592013-06-28T06:45:00.002-07:002013-06-28T06:45:21.450-07:00silent way<h2 class="date-header" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; bottom: auto; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px -15px 1px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; right: 15px;">
<span style="border-left-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0px; display: block; padding: 0.5em 15px;">Senin, 10 Juni 2013</span></h2>
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silent way</h3>
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<span style="color: magenta; font-family: Forte; font-size: x-small;">Silent way</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Forte; font-size: x-small;">The <b>Silent Way</b> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language-teaching_method" style="color: #444444; text-decoration: none;" title="Language-teaching method"><span style="color: magenta;">language-teaching method</span></a> created by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_Gattegno" style="color: #444444; text-decoration: none;" title="Caleb Gattegno"><span style="color: magenta;">Caleb Gattegno</span></a> in 1963 that makes extensive use of silence as a teaching technique. It is not usually considered a mainstream method in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_education" style="color: #444444; text-decoration: none;" title="Language education"><span style="color: magenta;">language education</span></a>.</span></h3>
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<span style="color: magenta; font-family: Forte; font-size: x-small;">The method emphasises the autonomy of the learner; the teacher's role is to monitor the students' efforts, and the students are encouraged to have an active role in learning the language. Pronunciation is seen as fundamental; beginning students start their study with pronunciation, and much time is spent practising it each lesson. Translation and rote repetition are avoided and the language is usually practiced in meaningful <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context_%28language_use%29" style="color: #444444; text-decoration: none;" title="Context (language use)"><span style="color: magenta;">contexts</span></a>.</span></h3>
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<span style="color: magenta; font-family: Forte; font-size: x-small;">The teacher uses silence for multiple purposes in the Silent Way. It is used to focus students' attention, to elicit student responses, and to encourage them to correct their own errors. Even though teachers are often silent, they are still active; they will commonly use techniques such as mouthing words and using hand gestures to help the students with their pronunciation. Teachers will also encourage students to help their peers.</span></h3>
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<span style="color: magenta; font-family: Forte; font-size: x-small;">Silent Way teachers use specialized teaching materials. One of the hallmarks of the method is the use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisenaire_rods" style="color: #444444; text-decoration: none;" title="Cuisenaire rods"><span style="color: magenta;">Cuisenaire rods</span></a>, which can be used for anything from introducing simple commands to representing abstract objects such as clocks and floor plans.</span></h3>
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<span style="color: magenta; font-family: Forte; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14px;">The principles are<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></h3>
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<span style="color: magenta; font-family: Forte; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14px;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Forte; font-size: x-small;">1. Teachers should concentrate on how students learn, not on how to teach</span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Forte; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14px;">’</span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Forte; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14px;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></h3>
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<span style="color: magenta; font-family: Forte; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14px;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Forte; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14px;">2. the teacher work on the students while the students work on the languag </span></h3>
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<span style="color: magenta; font-family: Forte; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14px;"> 3. </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Forte; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14px;">instead of learning rulers, students formulate their own rules from experience. Student learn the language instead of learning about language. </span></h3>
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<span style="color: magenta; font-family: Forte; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14px;">4.</span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Forte; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14px;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Forte; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14px;">the teacher uses what the student already knows. </span></h3>
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<span style="color: magenta; font-family: Forte; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14px;">5.</span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Forte; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14px;">student learn from one another. </span></h3>
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<span style="color: magenta; font-family: Forte; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14px;">6.</span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Forte; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14px;">the teacher does not model the language, but helps students develop’inner criteria’for correctness</span></h3>
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<span style="color: magenta; font-family: Forte; font-size: x-small;">These principles situate the Silent Way in the tradition of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_learning" style="color: #444444; text-decoration: none;" title="Discovery learning"><span style="color: magenta;">discovery learning</span></a>, that sees learning as a creative problem-solving activity.</span></h3>
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<span class="mw-headline" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Forte;">Design and goals</span></span></h3>
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<span style="color: magenta; font-family: Forte; font-size: x-small;">The general goal of the Silent Way is to help beginning-level students gain basic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluency" style="color: #444444; text-decoration: none;" title="Fluency"><span style="color: magenta;">fluency</span></a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_language" style="color: #444444; text-decoration: none;" title="Second language"><span style="color: magenta;">target language</span></a>, with the ultimate aim being near-native<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_proficiency" style="color: #444444; text-decoration: none;" title="Language proficiency"><span style="color: magenta;">language proficiency</span></a> and good pronunciation. An important part of this ability is being able to use the language for self-expression; students should be able to express their thoughts, feelings, and needs in the target language. In order to help them achieve this, teachers emphasize self-reliance.</span></h3>
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<span style="color: magenta; font-family: Forte; font-size: x-small;">The role of the teacher is that of technician or engineer. The teacher's task is to focus the students' attention, and provide exercises to help them develop language facility; however, to ensure their self-reliance, the teacher should only help the students as much as is strictly necessary. As Gattegno says, "The teacher works with the student; the student works on the language." For example, teachers will often give students time to correct their own mistakes before giving them the answer to a question. Teachers also avoid praise or criticism, as it can discourage students from developing self-reliance.</span></h3>
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<span style="color: magenta; font-family: Forte; font-size: x-small;">Teachers may never give a formal test, but they constantly assess students by observing their actions. This allows them to respond straight away to any problems the students might have.Teachers also gain feedback through observing students' errors; errors are seen as natural and necessary for learning, and can be a useful guide as to what structures need more practice. Furthermore, teachers may gain feedback by asking the students at the end of the lesson. When evaluating the students, teachers expect them to learn at different rates, and students are not penalized for learning more slowly than their classmates. Teachers look for steady progress in the language, not perfection.</span></h3>
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<span class="mw-headline" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Forte;">Process</span></span></h3>
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<span class="mw-headline" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Forte;">Teaching techniques</span></span></h3>
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<span style="color: magenta; font-family: Forte; font-size: x-small;">Just as the name implies, silence is a key tool of the teacher in the Silent Way. From the beginning levels, students do 90 percent or more of the talking. Being silent moves the focus of the classroom from the teacher to the students, and can encourage cooperation among them. Silence can be used to help students correct their own errors. Teachers can remain silent when a student makes a mistake to give them time to self-correct; they can also help students with their pronunciation by mouthing words without vocalizing, and by using certain hand gestures. When teachers do speak, they tend to say things only once so that students learn to focus their attention on them.</span></h3>
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<span style="color: magenta; font-family: Forte; font-size: x-small;"> A Silent Way classroom also makes extensive use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peer_correction&action=edit&redlink=1" style="color: #444444; text-decoration: none;" title="Peer correction (page does not exist)"><span style="color: magenta;">peer correction</span></a>. Students are encouraged to help their classmates when they have trouble with any particular feature of the language. This help should be made in a cooperative fashion, not a competitive one. One of the teacher's tasks is to monitor these interactions, so that they are helpful and do not interfere with students' learning.</span></h3>
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platformmerdekamengajarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17336678143450831129noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8806467863431220554.post-67029171560894680582013-06-28T06:43:00.002-07:002013-06-28T06:43:56.732-07:00Grammar-translation method<h2 class="date-header" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; bottom: auto; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px -15px 1px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; right: 15px;">
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Grammar-translation method</h3>
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<span style="background-color: #141414; color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">The grammar-translation method is a method of teaching foreign languages derived from the classical (sometimes called traditional) method of teaching Greek and Latin. In grammar-translation classes, students learn grammatical rules and then apply those rules by translating sentences between the target language and their native language. Advanced students may be required to translate whole texts word-for-word. The method has two main goals: to enable students to read and translate literature written in the target language, and to further students’ general intellectual development.<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: #141414; color: magenta; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Principles and goals </span><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">There are two main goals to grammar-translation classes. One is to develop students’ reading ability to a level where they can read literature in the target language. The other is to develop students’ general mental discipline. The users of foreign language wanted simply to note things of their interest in the literature of foreign languages. Therefore, this method focuses on reading and writing and has developed techniques which facilitate more or less the learning of reading and writing only. As a result, speaking and listening are overlooked.<br /></span><span style="background-color: #141414; color: magenta; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Method </span><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Grammar-translation classes are usually conducted in the students’ native language. Grammar rules are learned deductively; students learn grammar rules by rote, and then practice the rules by doing grammar drills and translating sentences to and from the target language. More attention is paid to the form of the sentences being translated than to their content. When students reach more advanced levels of achievement, they may translate entire texts from the target language. Tests often consist of the translation of classical texts.<br />There is not usually any listening or speaking practice, and very little attention is placed on pronunciation or any communicative aspects of the language. The skill exercised is reading, and then only in the context of translation.<br /></span><span style="background-color: #141414; color: magenta; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Materials </span><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">The mainstay of classroom materials for the grammar-translation method is the textbook. Textbooks in the 19th century attempted to codify the grammar of the target language into discrete rules for students to learn and memorize. A chapter in a typical grammar-translation textbook would begin with a bilingual vocabulary list, after which there would be grammar rules for students to study and sentences for them to translate. Some typical sentences from 19th-century textbooks are as follows:<br />The philosopher pulled the lower jaw of the hen.<br />My sons have bought the mirrors of the Duke.<br />The cat of my aunt is more treacherous than the dog of your uncle.<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: #141414; color: magenta; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Reception </span><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">The method by definition has a very limited scope. Because speaking or any kind of spontaneous creative output was missing from the curriculum, students would often fail at speaking or even letter writing in the target language. A noteworthy quote describing the effect of this method comes from Bahlsen, who was a student of Plötz, a major proponent of this method in the 19th century. In commenting about writing letters or speaking he said he would be overcome with "a veritable forest of paragraphs, and an impenetrable thicket of grammatical rules.<br />According to Richards and Rodgers, the grammar-translation has been rejected as a legitimate language teaching method by modern scholars:<br />[T]hough it may be true to say that the Grammar-Translation Method is still widely practiced, it has no advocates. It is a method for which there is no theory. There is no literature that offers a rationale or justification for it or that attempts to relate it to issues in linguistics, psychology, or educational theory.</span></div>
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platformmerdekamengajarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17336678143450831129noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8806467863431220554.post-62180764262407987812013-06-28T06:39:00.002-07:002013-06-28T06:42:34.819-07:00Whole Language<h2 class="date-header" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; bottom: auto; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px -15px 1px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; right: 15px;">
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Whole Language</h3>
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<span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"> <b>The Meaning of Whole Language</b></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><b style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte;">Whole language is a method of teaching reading in which reading in combined with listening, speaking and writing practice.</span></b><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><b style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span lang="TR" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte;">Background</span></b><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">* <b>The Whole Language was found by BERGERON (1990).</b></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">* <b>The Whole Language movement argues that language should be taught as a “whole”.</b></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">* <b>The Whole Language was created in the 1980’s by a group of U.S. Educators.</b></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><div style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; text-indent: 36pt;">
<b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte;">The Theoretical Basis and Principles of the Whole Language</span></b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte;"></span></div>
<b style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><u><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte;">Theoretical Basis</span></u></b><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">~ <b>The teacher should guide the students to study every part of the passage and the relationships among the parts.</b></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><b style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><u><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte;">The Basis Principles</span></u></b><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">~ <b>Language teaching should begin with dealing with the whole and then transit to the parts gradually.</b></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">~ <b>The students communicate with each other and exchange ideas in the language they learn.</b></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">~ <b>The teacher should direct the students to use the language with positive aims.</b></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><div style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; text-indent: 36pt;">
<b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte;">The Application of the Whole Language Theory to the Teaching of English Reading.</span></b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte;"></span></div>
<b style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte;">1. Teaching the Language as a Whole</span></b><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><b style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte;"> The teaching emphasis lies on the meaningful whole language activities.</span></b><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><b style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte;">2. Student-Centeredness</span></b><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><b style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte;"> The teacher can ask the students to discuss the text in groups.</span></b><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><b style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte;">3. Teaching Language in Context</span></b><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><b style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte;"> The teacher can ask the students to create and design the situational context and do some writing.</span></b><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><b style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte;">4. Literature-basedness</span></b><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><b style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte;"> Teaching the broad-sense of “literature” regarded as inappropriate.</span></b><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><b style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte;">5. Focus on Talk</span></b><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><b style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte;">Teaching emphasizes the ability of oral expression, the ability of communication, the ability of thinking and the ability of analysis.</span></b><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><b style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte;">6. Integration with Writing</span></b><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><b style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte;">The teacher encourages the students to write frequently on the text they learn.</span></b><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><b style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte;">7. Informal Assessment</span></b><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><b style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte;">They observe the behavior of the students in class. </span></b><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><div style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; text-indent: 36pt;">
<b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte;">The Characteristics of Whole Language Classroom</span></b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte;"></span></div>
<span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">~ <b>Classroom are not silent</b></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">~ <b>Classroom feature learning centers for reading, writing, art, music, science and social studies.</b></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">~ <b>Books, magazines, newspapers, maps, pamphlets, etc, abound.</b></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">~ <b>Listening stations with tape recorders and audio materials are prominent.</b></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">~ <b>Children’s writing, art and other projects receive center stages.</b></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">~ <b>Lessons are active and varied.</b></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><div style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; text-indent: 36pt;">
<b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte;">The Advantages and Disadvantages Theory of Whole Language</span></b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte;"></span></div>
<b style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte;">The Advantages</span></b><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">~ <b>Easier and more possible for the students to understand the whole text.</b></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">~ <b>It blends the practices of listening, speaking, reading and writing into an organic unity.</b></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><b style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte;">It adopts informal assessment</span></b><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><b style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte;">The Disadvantages</span></b><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">~ <b>The teaching of grammatical rules lack systematization.</b></span><br style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #141414; color: #7030a0; font-family: Forte; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">~ <b>The word spelling and pronunciation rules are important links in the reading ability, but the whole language theory pays little attention to them.</b></span></div>
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platformmerdekamengajarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17336678143450831129noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8806467863431220554.post-39895361724063448252013-06-28T06:26:00.003-07:002013-06-28T06:26:49.166-07:00Lexical approach<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> lexical approach<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: yellow; font-family: Forte; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lexical approach is understanding vocabulary ideas of
grammar in language structure with lexis in learning and in communication.</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Forte; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teaching technique</span></b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">}</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Forte; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Forte; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The student must learn vocabulary.</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">}</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Forte; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Forte; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Students should known the grammatical structure of
language.</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">}</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Forte; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Forte; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teacher explain about collocation until student how to use
vocabulary in collocation.</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: purple; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: purple; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Forte; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Why collocation the focus in the EFL/ESL classroom teaching?”</span></b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: purple; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: yellow; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Forte; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Forte; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Because collocation is arbitrary and unpredictable.</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: purple; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: yellow; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Forte; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Forte; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ying and Hendriks (2004) show to your study EFL learners have a
poor mastery of the collocation.</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: purple; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Forte; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Purpose :</span></b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: purple; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: yellow; font-family: Forte; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is based on the idea that an important part of language
acquisition is the ability to comprehend and produce lexical phrases an unanalyzed
whole or “chunks” and that these chunk become the raw data by which
learners perceive patterns, of language traditionally thought of as
grammar.</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: purple; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Forte; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Produce :<br />
Hill (2000) suggests that classroom procedures involve :</span></b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: purple; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: yellow; font-family: Forte; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Forte; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Forte; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teaching individual collocation</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: purple; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: yellow; font-family: Forte; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Forte; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Forte; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Making students aware of collocation</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: purple; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: yellow; font-family: Forte; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Forte; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Forte; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Extending what students already know
by adding knowledge of collocation restrictions to know vocabulary</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: purple; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: yellow; font-family: Forte; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d)</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Forte; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Forte; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Storing collocations through
encouraging students to keep a lexical notebook.</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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platformmerdekamengajarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17336678143450831129noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8806467863431220554.post-10237190502008964542013-06-25T07:38:00.000-07:002013-06-25T07:38:02.886-07:00TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF8F2; line-height: 18.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="line-height: 18.4pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Respons Fisik Total (Total Physical Response)</span></i></div>
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<i style="line-height: 18.4pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Total Physical Response </span></i><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(TPR) adalah salah satu metode pengajaran
bahasa yang dibangun dari koordinasi percakapan dan tindakan. Metode ini
mencoba mengajarkan bahasa melalui aktivitas fisik. Metode ini dikembangkan
oleh James Asher, seorang profesor dari bidang psikologi di Universitas Negeri
San Jose, di California pada tahun 1970. Namun sekitar 1 dekade sebelum itu
Asher sudah mulai melakukan penelitian dan eksperimen tentang metode ini,
dikarenakan belum banyak ahli yang meneliti dan mengembangkan metode TPR ini.
Setelah Asher melakukan eksperimen tentang metode ini dan mulai menemukan hasil
positif, maka banyak para ahli bahasa yang tertarik untuk meneliti dan
melakukan eksperimen menggunakan metode ini. (Richards & Rodger, 2001: 73)</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PEMBAHASAN</span></b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENGAJARAN BAHASA KOMUNIKATIF</span></i></b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVJPv-gq7cavEa-3EpPxBb5sAEwMJQmlDWLhUenVFO2x77qMNw90kozS46RQ52fgx6Dnnkg1C60koEJ9aM-TNYO2Tpk8uPYtJK7DSNa09P0cLu8DY_LslgkYol612n3jFYRoGVIVe4zJQ/s1600/images+(7).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVJPv-gq7cavEa-3EpPxBb5sAEwMJQmlDWLhUenVFO2x77qMNw90kozS46RQ52fgx6Dnnkg1C60koEJ9aM-TNYO2Tpk8uPYtJK7DSNa09P0cLu8DY_LslgkYol612n3jFYRoGVIVe4zJQ/s1600/images+(7).jpg" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ilustrasi Pembelajaran
Bahasa Komunikatif</span></i><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.</span></b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian Pengajaran Bahasa Komunikatif</span></b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF8F2; line-height: 18.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Awalnya, muncul pertanyaan dalam
mengkategorisasikan Pengajaran Bahasa Komunikatif—apakah ia termasuk ke dalam
metode atau pendekatan? Brown (2007: 241) menyatakan bahwa PBK sebaiknya
dipahami sebagai pendekatan, bukan metode. Pendapat ini juga didukung oleh
Richards & Rodgers (2001: 172), Littlewood (1987), Larsen-Freeman (1987:
123), Nunan (1989:12), Aziez & Alwasilah (1996), dan Iskandarwassid &
Sunendar (2008: 55). Hal ini dikarenakan PBK adalah sebuah pendirian teoretis terpadu <i>(unified) </i>tetapi
memiliki basis luas tentang watak bahasa <i>(the nature of language) </i>dan
tentang pembelajaran dan pengajaran bahasa (Brown, 2007: 241).</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sejumlah definisi PBK yang muncul terdahulu
(Savignon, 1983; Breen & Candlin, 1980; Widdowson, 1978b, dalam Brown,
2007: 241) ataupun yang terbaru (Savignon, 2005; Ellis, 2005; Nunan; 2004,
dalam Brown, 2007: 241) telah cukup untuk membingungkan kita. Di Indonesia,
para ahli bahasa juga banyak menghabiskan waktu untuk memperdebatkan definisi
dari pendekatan ini (Iskandarwassid & Sunendar, 2008: 55). Oleh karena itu,
Brown (2007: 241) memberikan empat karakteristik yang terkait sebagai definisi
PBK:</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sasaran kelas difokuskan pada semua komponen
kompetensi komunikatif<b> </b><i>(communicative competence)<a href="" name="_ftnref1"></a><a href="file:///D:/PASCA%20UNY/Pemerolehan%20dan%20Pembelajaran%20Bhs/Makalah%20PPB.docx#_ftn1" title=""><b><span style="color: #8e8e8e; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[1]</span></b></a></i> dan
tidak terbatas pada kompetensi gramatikal atau linguistik.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teknik-teknik bahasa dirancang untuk
melibatkan para pembelajar dalam penggunaan pragmatik, otentik, dan fungsional
bahasa untuk tujuan bermakna. Bentuk-bentuk bahasa yang tertata rapi bukan
merupakan fokus sentral melainkan aspek-aspek bahasa yang membantu pembelajar
mewujudkan tujuan-tujuan komunikatif.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF8F2; line-height: 18.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kefasihan dan akurasi dipandang sebagai
prinsip-prinsip pelengkap saja yang mendasari teknik-teknik komunikatif.
Terkadang kefasihan harus dikedepankan daripada akurasi untuk membuat
pembelajar tetap terlibat secara bermakna dalam penggunaan bahasa.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF8F2; line-height: 18.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam kelas komunikatif, para murid pada
akhirnya harus menggunakan bahasa secara produktif dan reseptif, dalam konteks
spontan.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF8F2; line-height: 18.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Kurikulum yang bertopang pada kaidah struktural/gramatikal telah mendominasi
pengajaran bahasa selama berabad-abad. PBK sendiri menyarankan bahwa struktur
gramatikal sebaiknya disisipkan ke dalam berbagai kategori fungsional. Banyak
penggunaan bahasa-bahasa otentik disiratkan dalam CLT, ketika guru berusaha
membangun kefasihan siswa (Chambers, 1997, dalam Brown, 2007). Akan tetapi perlu
diingat bahwa kefasihan disini tidak didorong dengan mengorbankan komunikasi
langsung yang jelas dan tidak ambigu. Akhirnya, akan ada lebih banyak
spontanitas yang muncul dalam kelas komunikatif: para murid didorong untuk
menghadapi situasi-situasi yang spontan di bawah <b>bimbingan, </b>bukan <b>kontrol, </b> guru.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.</span></b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan Kelas Komunikatif</span></b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Littlewood (1987:17) merangkum tujuan pembelajaran dalam kelas
komunikatif menjadi empat:</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyediakan latihan tugas-menyeluruh <i>(whole-task
practice)</i></span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam kelas
komunikatif, penting untuk membedakan antara (a) melatih skill tersendiri <i>(part
skill)</i>, dan (b) melatih skill secara keseluruhan atau disebut <i>whole
task practice. </i>Ketika kita belajar berenang, terkadang kita belajar
kemampuan tertentu secara terpisah (menahan nafas, melompat ke air, dll) namun
kita juga terkadang dituntut untuk langsung berenang jarak dekat. Dalam
pembelajaran bahasa, aktivitas kelas komunikatif disusun untuk sesuai dengan
kemampuan pembelajar.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mendorong motivasi pembelajar</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan utama
pembelajar bahasa adalah untuk mampu berkomunikasi dengan baik dengan orang
lain dalam bahasa yang dipelajari. Terlebih lagi, konsepsi umum pembelajar
bahasa adalah bahasa sebagai alat komunikasi bukan suatu sistem struktural.
Jika demikian, maka kesuksesan proses belajar siswa akan lebih memungkinkan
untuk dicapai.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyediakan pembelajaran natural <i>(natural
learning)</i></span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembelajaran bahasa
terjadi dalam diri siswa. Sebagai guru kita mengerti ke-frustasi-an mereka
dalam belajar bahasa. Terkadang, beberapa aspek bahasa berada di luar kontrol
pedagogis mereka. Aspek-aspek dalam pembelajaran bahasa ini hanya mampu
didapatkan melalui proses natural, yaitu penggunaan bahasa untuk tujuan
komunikatif.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menciptakan konteks yang mendukung pembelajaran</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interaksi yang terjadi
dalam aktivitas komunikatif membantu menciptakan hubungan personal yang positif
antara murid-murid maupun murid-guru. Hubungan ini membuat kelas menjadi lebih
‘manusiawi’sehingga menciptakan lingkungan yang <i>supportive</i>terhadap
usaha siswa untuk belajar bahasa.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.</span></b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peran Guru dan Siswa dalam Kelas PBK</span></b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Guru dalam PBK menurut Richards dan Rodgers (2001) memiliki dua
peran utama: (a) memfasilitasi komunikasi yang terjadi antara murid dengan
murid, maupun murid dengan aktivitas atau teks yang diberikan, dan (b) menjadi
partisipan independen dalam aktivitas yang terjadi di kelas. Peran guru yang
lain menurut mereka adalah sebagai analis kebutuhan siswa, konselor, dan
pengelola proses kelompok<i> (group process manager). </i>Siswa,
diatas apapun, adalah komunikator (Larsen-Freeman, 2001). Mereka mencoba untuk
bertukar makna—mencoba dipahami dan memahami orang lain—walaupun pengetahuan
mereka dalam bahasa yang dipelajari masih belum lengkap.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.</span></b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prosedur dan Materi Pengajaran</span></b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikut ini adalah contoh prosedur pengajaran bahasa komunikatif
dalam kelas Bahasa Inggris yang diberikan oleh Finocchiaro dan Brumfit (dalam
Richards & Rodgers, 2001):</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemberian dialog atau mini dialog yang diawali
oleh motivasi dari guru diikuti oleh diskusi mengenai dialog yang diberikan
(topik, dialog, ke-formal-an dll).</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Latihan lisan ungkapan-ungkapan <i>(utterances) </i>yang
ada dalam dialog yang dicontohkan oleh guru.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanya jawab mengenai topik dan situasi dialog.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanya jawab mengenai pengalaman siswa mengenai
topik/ situasi dalam dialog.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mempelajari ekspresi-ekpresi inti dalam dialog
dan fungsinya memberi contoh ungkapan serupa dalam kehidupan nyata.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Siswa menemukan generalisasi atau
aturan-aturan sktruktural dari ungkapan-ungkapan dalam dialog.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF8F2; line-height: 18.4pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengenalan lisan, aktivitas interpretatif.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aktivitas produksi lisan—bertahap dari <i>guided
activities </i>sampai<i>freer activities.</i></span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sampling </span></i><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dari tugas tertulis, jika ada.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Evaluasi lisan mengenai materi yang
dipelajari, contoh <i>“How would you ask your friend to_____?”</i> dan <i>“How
would you ask me to_____?”</i></span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Materi yang digunakan dalam kelas PBK misalnya: materi otentik,<i>scrambled
sentences, information gap, </i>permainan bahasa, cerita bergambar, dan <i>role
play.</i></span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE</span></i></b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisaXKPJHDLhiXpmAOGzgiv_4I_JWoQIjhBO39EuAsSF4Yfb-ULMX7bBy08DSbDVISoKCGD7pC2lgBMXtO7tQKapdj6bbI-Jimt5YOkehYWOn_YipdFuwcYDTjQBVc6hO3hEzOluJwJjyo/s1600/images+(48).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisaXKPJHDLhiXpmAOGzgiv_4I_JWoQIjhBO39EuAsSF4Yfb-ULMX7bBy08DSbDVISoKCGD7pC2lgBMXtO7tQKapdj6bbI-Jimt5YOkehYWOn_YipdFuwcYDTjQBVc6hO3hEzOluJwJjyo/s1600/images+(48).jpg" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ilustrasi TPR</span></i><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyusun metode Respons Fisik Total<i> </i>atau <i>Total
Physical Response</i> (TPR), James Asher, mencatat bahwa anak-anak, saat
belajar bahasa pertama mereka, terlihat banyak mendengar sebelum mereka
berbicara, dan bahwa kegiatan mendengar itu disertai oleh respons-respons fisik
seperti meraih, meraba, bergerak, melihat, dan lain-lain. Asher juga memberikan
perhatian kepada pembelajaran otak kanan. Menurut Asher (melalui Brown, 2007:
84) “aktivitas motor adalah fungsi otak kanan yang pastilah mendahului
pemrosesan bahasa oleh otak kiri”. Hal ini pula yang membuat Asher yakin bahwa
seringkali kelas-kelas bahasa adalah tempat yang luar biasa mencemaskan dan
membuat ia berkeinginan untuk membuat dan mengembangkan sebuah metode yang
sebisa mungkin bebas stress, di mana para pembelajar bahasa tidak akan merasa
canggung dan defensif. Oleh karena itu kelas TPR yang dikembangkan oleh Asher
adalah sebuah kelas di mana para murid banyak mendengar dan bertindak. Sang
guru mengarahkan dalam mengorkestrasi sebuah performa: “Instruktur adalah
sutradara sebuah lakon sandiwara di mana para murid adalah aktornya” (Asher,
1977: 43).</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada saat ini TPR banyak dipakai sebagai jenis
aktivitas kelas. Banyak kelas komunikatif dan interaktif yang berhasil
memanfaatkan aktivitas-aktivitas TPR untuk menghadirkan masukan auditoris
maupun aktivitas fisik. Target pembelajar yang menggunakan metode TPR adalah
anak-anak, hal ini dikarenakan konsep dari metode TPR adalah merespon instruksi
yang bentuknya adalah berupa kalimat perintah dengan respons fisik secara
langsung, yang bila diterapkan kepada pembelajar bahasa yang sudah dewasa
hasilnya tidak efektif.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.</span></b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan Total Physical Response (TPR)</span></b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metode TPR bagi guru, bertujuan agar tercipta
suasana yang nyaman sehingga siswa dapat menikmati pembelajaran dan dapat
belajar untuk berkomunikasi menggunakan bahasa asing dengan baik. Hal ini
dikarenakan pada dasarnya metode TPR ini dikembangkan untuk mengurangi tekanan
bagi siswa di dalam kelas, dan membuat suasana kelas menyenangkan.
(Larson-Freeman, 1986: 116)</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.</span></b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peran Guru dan Siswa</span></b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Guru memegang peran sebagai sutradara,
sedangkan para siswa bertindak sebagai artisnya. Jadi dalam metode TPR ini
peran guru amatlah penting, karena guru yang mengatur semua yang ada di dalam
kelas. Guru memberikan perintah pada siswa, yang sejatinya perintah itu adalah
bagian dari metode TPR, kemudian siswa diminta untuk merespon
instruksi-instruksi berupa kalimat-kalimat perintah dari guru dengan melakukan
tindakan (respons fisik). Peran siswa di sini tidak terlalu penting karena
gurulah yang memegang kontrol. (Larson-Freeman, 1986: 116)</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.</span></b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karakteristik Proses Pengajaran dan
Pembelajaran</span></b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Larson-Freeman (1986: 116) menyatakan bahwa
pada tahap pertama metode TPR, guru bertindak sebagai model atau contoh. Guru
dapat memberikan instruksi pada beberapa siswa dan kemudian mencontohkan atau
mempraktekkannya di hadapan siswa agar para siswa dapat memahami intruksi yang
diberikan dan dapat mengikuti. Pada tahap kedua para siswa dapat
mendemonstrasikan apa yang mereka pahami dari perintah-perintah yang tadi sudah
diberikan dengan teman-temannya sendiri. Kemudian sampai pada tahap ketika para
siswa sudah mengerti, memahami serta dapat merespon perintah-perintah dengan
respon fisik, para siswa dapat belajar lebih jauh untuk membaca dan
menuliskannya. Hingga pada saatnya para siswa sudah siap untuk berbicara,
mereka bisa menjadi orang yang memberikan instruksi atau perintah.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.</span></b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teknik-teknik yang digunakan dalam metode TPR</span></b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span></b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penggunaan kalimat-kalimat perintah untuk
mengarahkan tindakan</span></b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teknik ini adalah teknik yang paling sering
digunakan. Kalimat-kalimat perintah diberikan pada siswa agar siswa dapat
merespon dengan tindakan. Tindakan yang dilakukan membuat maknanya menjadi
jelas. Asher menyarankan para guru agar dapat membuat suasana kelas menjadi
hidup, oleh karena itu guru harus mempersiapkan kalimat-kalimat perintah yang
akan digunakan di dalam kelas. Persiapan itu akan membuat kelas menjadi teratur
dan hidup. Namun jika guru mencoba untuk membuat kalimat perintah pada saat di
dalam kelas tanpa persiapan, hal itu akan membuat kelas berjalan lambat dan
membosankan. (Larson-Freeman, 1986: 118)</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span></b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pergantian peran</span></b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Siswa dapat berganti peran dengan guru untuk
memberikan kalimat-kalimat perintah kepada siswa-siswa lainnya. Asher menyatakan
bahwa dalam 10-12 jam penggunaan TPR, maka siswa akan tertarik untuk memberikan
perintah juga, hal ini dapat membuat siswa berani berbicara. Teknik ini adalah
variasi atau penambahan dari teknik sebelumnya, karena teknik ini bukan lah
teknik mayor dari metode TPR. (Larson-Freeman, 1986: 119)</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span></b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tindakan yang saling berhubungan</span></b><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF8F2; line-height: 18.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada suatu waktu guru juga dapat memberikan
kalimat-kalimat perintah yang saling berhubungan. Misalkan guru menyuruh siswa
untuk menunjuk ke pintu, kemudian memberikan perintah untuk berjalan menuju
pintu dan kemudian diberikan perintah untuk menyentuh pintu.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Total Physical Response</span></i><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF8F2; line-height: 18.4pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Total Physical Response</span></i><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dapat juga disebut juga perluasan dari <i>English Through
Action</i> yang dipelopori oleh Palmer & Palmer. Namun semua metode
yang pernah digunakan terus berkembang seiring zaman, ada yang disempurnakan,
ada bagian yang diambil, ada yang disempurnakan, termasuk metode TPR yang
diperbaharui dengan mengacu kepada teori psikologi yang lebih mutakhir. Hal ini
juga menjadi lebih popular karena dukungan yang menekankan pada peran pemahaman
dalam akuisisi bahasa kedua. Asher (1977) pun menekankan bahwa harus ada
asosiasi yang dilakukan dengan metode atau teknik lainnya agar menjadi lebih
efektif.</span><span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
" GOOD LUCK FOR THE READ " !!!!!!!!!!</div>
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platformmerdekamengajarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17336678143450831129noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8806467863431220554.post-60690366988778976972013-06-24T03:32:00.005-07:002013-06-24T03:32:59.005-07:00Cooperative Learning<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Demi Cond","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">“Cooperative Learning”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Demi Cond","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Students work together in small groups and learn through interaction
with each other while the teacher coaches the process.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">5
Major Phases<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Organize student <b>teams</b> with
clearly defined <b>roles</b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Facilitate</span></b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> team activities, including <b>academic</b>
<b>learning, social skills</b> & <b>cooperative behavior</b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Assess</span></b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> student knowledge <b>throughout</b>
the process <b>and/or</b> by team <b>presentations</b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Recognize</span></b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> both <b>group & individual</b> <b>efforts</b>
such as active participation and taking responsibility for learning<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Phase 1: Goals, Hook & Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The 3
instructional goals of cooperative learning are: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Academic achievement, </span></b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Tolerance and acceptance of diversity, and</span></b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Development of social skills</span></b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Consider how you
will communicate these goals in your introduction</span></b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Phase 2: Teams and Roles<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Organize
materials, learning experiences and small group activities by paying attention
to 4 key features:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Form heterogeneous teams</span></b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">How students will work together in small groups
(Student Teams, Jigsaw, Group Investigation, Think-Pair-Share)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">How behavior and results will be recognized or
rewarded</span></b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Realistic time estimate</span></b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Think-Pair-Share<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Cooperative Learning Roles May Include<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Group recorder</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Materials collector</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Reporter</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Final copy scribe</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Illustrator <o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Timekeeper<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Cheerleader/ Facilitator<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Monitor<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Messenger</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Phase 3: Facilitate learning, social skills &
cooperative learning<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b>Help
with Transitions</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b>Teach
Cooperation </b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b>Task
Interdependence</b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b>Social
Skills</b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">○<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b>Sharing Skills</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo5; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">○<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b>Participation Skills</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b>Communication
Skills</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b>Group
Skills</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo5; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">○<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b>Team Building</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b>Teaching
Social and Group Skills</b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Phase 4:
Assess Throughout and/or with Presentations<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b>Test</b>
Academic Learning</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b>Assess</b>
Cooperation</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b>Grade</b>
Cooperative Learning</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b>Recognize</b>
Cooperative Effort</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Phase 5:
Recognize Group & Individual Efforts<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Find
ways to <b>highlight</b> group presentations by displaying results prominently
in room.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Maybe
<b>invite guests</b> to hear final reports.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Consider
summarizing results through <b>newsletters</b> or other forums.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Each
individual makes some kind of <b>unique contribution</b> – highlight those.</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>During today’s activities<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b>Look for ways the learning experiences
could be adapted for your students into cooperative learning activities<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b>Choose 1 representative to record ideas for
each of the 5 phases<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b>Be prepared to share these ideas with the
rest of us.</b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS8rpFGCloGDM35Ze1zx8ffPo7sqG5WqX6xQlrskUAc2Ql8lsMGeBJd04zAxfG3YVWj6nW2joxGw4AfUSdrsb-mlyxoW-V6CJYNMYvyBUSV6n26_9_N4qc3fZzBMP4L_2l9qyxV9ouges/s1600/coop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS8rpFGCloGDM35Ze1zx8ffPo7sqG5WqX6xQlrskUAc2Ql8lsMGeBJd04zAxfG3YVWj6nW2joxGw4AfUSdrsb-mlyxoW-V6CJYNMYvyBUSV6n26_9_N4qc3fZzBMP4L_2l9qyxV9ouges/s1600/coop.jpg" /></a></b></div>
<b><o:p></o:p></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><br /></b></div>
platformmerdekamengajarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17336678143450831129noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8806467863431220554.post-39560391777909021052013-06-24T03:21:00.000-07:002013-06-24T03:21:03.541-07:00<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>“Communicative
Language Teaching”<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Communicative language teaching
rose to prominence in the 1970s and early 1980s as a result of many disparate
developments in both Europe and the united State. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Chomsky
had shown that the structural theories of language prevalent at the time could
not explain the creativity and variety evident in real communication</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Communication
Christopher Candlin and Henry
Widdowson began to see that a focus
on structure was also not helping
language students </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;">
CLT is usually characterized as a
broad approach to teaching, rather than as a teaching method with a clearly
defined set of classroom practice.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;">
Example Picture : </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGiYDNjndYRA7KDRlMGKGGfOGuIupP0UIE23AYifJdUMucTtItP-cZvCP_-3aKJtD2hQKlPseWUfy_g9rGtsnV1YuzifPndT5RX9JvngIQfoAf3RbMW0jhvbRuc_dklIYL038z2LVvbZs/s1600/download+(6).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGiYDNjndYRA7KDRlMGKGGfOGuIupP0UIE23AYifJdUMucTtItP-cZvCP_-3aKJtD2hQKlPseWUfy_g9rGtsnV1YuzifPndT5RX9JvngIQfoAf3RbMW0jhvbRuc_dklIYL038z2LVvbZs/s1600/download+(6).jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->An
emphasis on learning to communicate through interaction in the target language.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--> The introduction of authentic texts into the
learning situation.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--> The provision of opportunities for focus, not
only on language but also on the learning process itself.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--> An enhancement of the learner’s own personal
experiences as important contributing elements to classroom language learning
with language activities outside the classroom. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
In classroom activities ,<br />
This method can used Interview, games, language exchange, dialogs, etc.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
platformmerdekamengajarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17336678143450831129noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8806467863431220554.post-70692069517011216342013-06-24T03:05:00.003-07:002013-06-24T03:22:07.465-07:00Natural Approach<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Demi Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> “Natural
Approach”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Natural
Approach is meant to provide comprehensible input. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Principles of natural approach :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Language
teachers have to use the target language.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
focus of the communication in language class will be on a topic of
interest for their students.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The procedure of natural approach :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Language
teachers have to help their students understand. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In
teaching learning, the students do not have to produce utterances in early
stages, the teacher may also provide comprehensible input by using context
and the items themselves to make the meanings of the key words clear.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In
teaching speaking, language learners begin to speak in the target language
by producing one or two words, they often begin to speak by responding to
yes/no question. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #c0504d; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-themecolor: accent2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In teaching
reading and writing, after the students are given commands for early
listening comprehension, the teacher writes the commands on the board and
asks the students to copy them in their note books.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Example Picture :<span style="color: #c0504d; mso-themecolor: accent2;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8sbaY-wgv1JbbdkKMzzoxzjmKa1OtYE-4xUx3c0QJt-mhUp2f-J7AbiAe87kaiEZkWmsAd0wL7cmCV0o4e90PNV1cixTqWgeIsOLlSxFgid7JSGU_61IzrGIN2HaMCpZra7QenaeB_mU/s1600/contex.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8sbaY-wgv1JbbdkKMzzoxzjmKa1OtYE-4xUx3c0QJt-mhUp2f-J7AbiAe87kaiEZkWmsAd0wL7cmCV0o4e90PNV1cixTqWgeIsOLlSxFgid7JSGU_61IzrGIN2HaMCpZra7QenaeB_mU/s1600/contex.jpg" /></a></div>
platformmerdekamengajarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17336678143450831129noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8806467863431220554.post-6176723355274325452013-06-06T06:17:00.002-07:002013-06-06T06:17:33.206-07:00<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BLENDED LEARNING</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BLENDED LEARNING</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
is combining face to face online education<b> </b>classroom methods with the
strategy creates a more integrated approach for both instructors and students.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Benefit of blended learning<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Like
any</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">other great blend</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">education</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">elements
believes blended learning</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">works,
because it combines in a way that</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">makes
each better than they are on their</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
own</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.
Teacher’s talent</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">and
technology tools</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
Blended learning</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">allows</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">teachers</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">to
do what</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">they do</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">best</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> – </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">work</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">directly
and</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">closely</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">with
individual</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">student and</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">small group</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> – </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">by harnessing</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">the adaptive</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">power</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">and</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">precision</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">of</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">technology</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">he
best blended learning approaches use technology to :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Help student</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> master the content and
skill they need.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Allow
teacher to get the most out of their planning and instructional time, and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Streamline
operation with costs similar to-or less than-traditional schooling.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Advantage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Increased what student learned<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Make independent learning, useful,
growing flexibility in scheduling<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Disadvantage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Computer and internet access are rare in
the small village.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Limited knowledge in the use of
technology study<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">So, with there are blended learning, can free seek
knowledge directly ( face to face with online ) and blended learning changing
the way we learn in the future.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Example Picture :<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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